Demographic |
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Age, yr, mean ± SD | 32.3 ± 11.1 | 33.3 ± 11.6 | 53.3 ± 16.8 | 61.2 ± 15.3 | 37.0 ± 12.6 | 39.5 ± 13.5 |
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Ethnicity, white, % | 73.4 | 68.1 | 85.1 | 87.4 | Not available | Not available |
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Ethnicity, black, % | 17.6 | 18.0 | 10.7 | 7.8 | Not available | Not available |
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Sex, female, % | 69.2 | 66.2 | 62.6 | 65.4 | 53.4 | 51.6 |
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Type of IBD |
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Crohn disease, % | 87.6 | 74.4 | 77.2 | 57.5 | 76.2 | 58.0 |
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Ulcerative colitis, % | 12.4 | 25.6 | 22.8 | 42.5 | 23.8 | 42.0 |
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Other IBD-related medication use in past 6 mo |
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Cumulative use of 5-ASA compound, d, mean ± SD | 32.1 ± 50.2 | 43.7 ± 59.4 | 45.4 ± 66.5 | 55.2 ± 74.5 | 46.4 ± 67.4 | 62.4 ± 75.4 |
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Cumulative oral steroids, mg prednisone equivalent, mean ± SD | 770.3 ± 1386.9 | 1030.7 ± 1073.5 | 794.9 ± 1221.9 | 737.2 ± 2376.4 | 869.4 ± 1231.7 | 872.9 ± 1197.0 |
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IBD-related health care utilization in past 6 mo |
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No. hospital admissions with IBD, mean ± SD | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 |
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No. of gastroenterologist visits, mean ± SD | Not available | Not available | Not available | Not available | 5.5 ± 6.0 | 4.5 ± 5.3 |
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Variables indicating IBD severity |
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Anemia, % | 22.0 | 24.5 | 35.7 | 33.4 | 23.2 | 19.3 |
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Blood transfusion, % | 3.3 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 2.6 | 1.9 |
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Clostridium difficile infection, % | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
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Active fistulizing or internal penetrating disease, % | 7.2 | 6.2 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 7.1 | 4.7 |
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Malnutrition, % | 3.5 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 2.0 |
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Obstructing or stricturing disease, % | 11.7 | 12.5 | 15.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 9.7 |
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Total parenteral nutrition, % | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.2 |
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Volume depletion, % | 18.1 | 17.6 | 25.9 | 22.5 | 15.3 | 12.1 |
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Intra-abdominal surgical procedures, % | 20.0 | 25.2 | 19.9 | 18.4 | 30.1 | 30.4 |
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Other risk factors for VTE |
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Extremity fractures, % | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
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Pregnancy, % | 7.4 | 6.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
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Cardiovascular surgical procedures, % | 6.3 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 3.2 |
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Obstetric surgical procedures, % | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
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Musculoskeletal surgical procedures, % | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
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Non-oral contraceptives, % | 2.7 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.8 |
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Oral contraceptives, % | 9.5 | 8.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 11.2 | 10.7 |
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Hormone replacement therapy, % | 2.5 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 2.1 | 3.2 |
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Comorbidities |
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Myocardial infarction, % | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
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Angina, % | 1.8 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % | 16.8 | 18.9 | 28.8 | 33.4 | 13.0 | 11.7 |
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Cerebrovascular events, % | 1.5 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
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Heart failure, % | 1.9 | 1.8 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
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Diabetes mellitus, % | 6.2 | 7.6 | 21.8 | 27.8 | 5.6 | 6.7 |
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Hyperlipidemia, % | 7.3 | 9.7 | 44.3 | 60.2 | 16.6 | 20.6 |
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Hypertension, % | 15.8 | 15.9 | 50.5 | 64.0 | 17.0 | 18.9 |
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Obesity, % | 6.2 | 5.5 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
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Rheumatoid arthritis, % | 5.6 | 3.7 | 17.6 | 14.3 | 7.1 | 3.9 |
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Smoking, % | 21.0 | 17.6 | 27.5 | 19.8 | 11.1 | 8.7 |
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Concurrent medications |
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Antiplatelet agents, % | 0.4 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
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ASA, % | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
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COX-2 inhibitors, % | 3.1 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
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Nonselective NSAIDs, % | 14.3 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 10.2 | 8.8 |
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Opioids, % | 54.6 | 51.4 | 57.7 | 42.8 | 43.3 | 32.3 |
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Statins, % | 2.5 | 3.6 | 19.2 | 28.4 | 4.5 | 7.2 |
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Health care use factors |
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No. of office visits, mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 4.5 | 4.4 ± 3.8 | 7.1 ± 5.1 | 6.8 ± 4.8 | 5.4 ± 3.9 | 4.8 ± 3.5 |
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No. of emergency department visits, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 2.1 | 1.2 ± 2.0 | 1.2 ± 2.4 | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 0.9 |
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No. of distinct drugs used, mean ± SD | 7.7 ± 6.1 | 8.0 ± 6.1 | 10.1 ± 6.2 | 9.8 ± 5.9 | 6.7 ± 4.9 | 6.2 ± 4.6 |