Insulin (v. oral antihyperglycemic agents‡) | −0.62 (−0.97 to −0.26) (16)– (28) (n = 1730) I2 = 74.2% | 2.60 (1.31 to 3.89) (16)– (19), (23), (25), (26), (29) (n = 629) I2 = 78.2% | 2.23 (0.59 to 8.42) (21)– (25), (27) (n = 1341) I2 = 89.5% |
Choice of regimen |
Basal (v. premixed) | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.57) (14), (18), (30)– (40) (n = 4193) I2 = 93.1% | −1.03 (−1.94 to −0.13) (14), (18), (30)– (39) (n = 4140) I2 = 65.5% | 0.76 (0.67 to 0.87) (14), (30), (32), (35), (39)– (42) (n = 3870) I2 = 0.0% |
Basal (v. basal–bolus) | 0.33 (0.03 to 0.63) (18), (19), (30), (32), (43)– (46) (n = 1624) I2 = 52.0% | −1.41 (−2.05 to −0.77) (18), (19), (30), (32), (43)– (46) (n = 1627) I2 = 44.9% | 0.41 (0.08 to 2.04) (30), (32), (46) (n = 993) I2 = 82.8% |
Premixed (v. basal–bolus) | 0.08 (−0.16 to 0.31) (18), (30), (47) (n = 691) I2 = 0.0% | Insufficient data | Insufficient data |
Choice of basal insulin |
Intermediate (v. long-acting) | −0.20 (−0.42 to 0.02) (48)– (51) (n = 925) I2 = 0.0% | −0.20 (−0.22 to −0.18) (48), (50)– (52) (n = 1348) I2 = 0.0% | 1.70 (1.19 to 2.41) (15), (48)– (50), (53) (n = 2075) I2 = 45.1% |
Basal, morning (v. basal, bedtime) | 0.06 (−0.58 to 0.71) (18), (49), (54) (n = 455) I2 = 34.9% | −0.93 (−13.21 to 11.35) (18), (54), (55) (n = 210) I2 = 71.3% | Insufficient data |