Fig. 1: Effects of digoxin in ambulatory patients with chronic mild-to-moderate systolic and diastolic heart failure in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for death or hospital admission from any cause and admission due to worsening heart failure are stratified by serum digoxin concentration: 0.5–0.9 ng/mL versus ≥ 1 ng/mL.
*Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, body mass index, duration and etiology of heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, current angina, hypertension, diabetes, dyspnea at rest and upon exertion, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, jugular venous distension, third heart sound, pulmonary rales, edema of the lower extremities, New York Heart Association functional class, pulmonary congestion detected by chest radiography, cardiothoracic ratio above 0.5, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left-ventricular ejection fraction, drug use (digoxin pre-trial, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and any combination of hydralazine and nitrates) and an interaction term for serum digoxin concentration 0.5–0.9 ng/mL and ethnicity (Eur Heart J 2006;27:178-86).