Well-water maintenance
======================

* Patrick Levallois
* Pierre Payment

We congratulate Erica Weir for having recently drawn attention to well-water maintenance.1 We have some additional information to help physicians interpret the results of reports on well-water quality.

Although we agree with the list of potential contaminants of well water presented by Weir in Box 1, it is worth mentioning that routine monitoring of water microbiological quality entails the detection of the nonpathogenic coliforms, the total and thermotolerant (fecal) coliforms. Nonpathogenic *Escherichia coli* are the most common coliform in human and animal feces and they are recognized as the best index of recent fecal contamination of surface water and groundwater.2,3 In the presence of thermotolerant (fecal) coliforms or *E. coli*, a boil-water advisory is advisable until the water is treated and disinfected.

Total coliforms, which might be present in the general environment (in soil and plants) without fecal contamination, are usually considered as an indicator of the vulnerability of groundwater to microbiological contamination. If total coliforms are detected, a boil-water advisory is usually not recommended but inspection of the well and more frequent analysis of the water for *E. coli* is advisable.

Nonpathogenic intestinal enterococci (a subgroup of fecal streptococci) appear to survive longer in the environment than *E. coli* and are being proposed as microbiological indicators of groundwater quality. They are also considered to be an index of fecal contamination,4,5 although they are not totally specific to animal or human feces.

Pathogens are rarely measured in drinking water because they are expensive to detect and and detection methods have not yet been standardized.6 Nevertheless, pathogen testing is extremely useful for outbreak investigation.7

## REFERENCES

1.  1. Weir E. Well-water maintenance. CMAJ 2005;172(11):1438.
    
    [FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiY21haiI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMToiMTcyLzExLzE0MzgiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2NtYWovMTczLzkvMTA2Ny4xLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==) 

2.  2. Federal–Provincial–Territorial Committee on Drinking Water. *Bacteriological quality. guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: supporting documentation*. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2002. Available: [www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/water/publications/bacteriological\_quality/toc.htm](http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/water/publications/bacteriological_quality/toc.htm) (accessed 2005 Jul 7).
    
    

3.  3. Ministère du développement durable, environnement et parcs. *La qualité de l'eau de mon puits*. Québec: Gouvernement du Québec; 2002. [www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/eau/potable/depliant/index.htm#qualite](http://www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/eau/potable/depliant/index.htm#qualite) (accessed 2005 Jul 7).
    
    

4.  4. World Health Organization. *WHO guidelines for drinking water quality*. 3rd ed. Geneva: The Organization; 2004. Available: [www.who.int/water\_sanitation\_health/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html](http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html) (accessed 2005 Jul 7).
    
    

5.  5. Groupe scientifique sur l'eau. *Entérocoques et streptocoques fécaux*. Sainte-Foy (Que): Institut national de santé publique du Québec; 2002. Available: [www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/198-CartableEau/Enterocoques.pdf](http://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/198-CartableEau/Enterocoques.pdf) (accessed 2005 Jul 7).
    
    

6.  6. Medema GJ, Payment P, Dufour A, Robertson W, Waite M, Hunter P, et al. Safe drinking water: an ongoing challenge. In: Dufour A, Snozzi M, Köster W, Bartram J, Ronchi E, Fewtrell L, editors. *Assessing microbial safety of drinking water: improving approaches and methods. WHO drinking water quality series*. London: IWA Publishing; 2003. p. 11-46.
    
    

7.  7. De Serres G, Cromeans TL, Levesque B, Brassard N, Barthe C, Dionne M, et al. Molecular confirmation of hepatitis A virus from well water: epidemiology and public health implications. J Infect Dis 1999;179:37-43.
    
    [CrossRef](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1086/314565&link_type=DOI) 
    
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    [Web of Science](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000077725000006&link_type=ISI)