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Heterochromia

Department of Internal Medicine, Regina General Hospital, Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, Sask.

	Abstract

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Abstract: A patient was noted to have 2 different eye colours and miosis in her left eye. She ultimately received a diagnosis of congenital Horner syndrome. Determinants of eye colour and possible clinical significance are discussed.

View larger version (105K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1: This 35-year-old woman had different coloured eyes since birth. The entire iris of her right eye is brown, and the iris of the left eye is greenish brown. Her left pupil is smaller than the right, which is consistent with the diagnosis of congenital Horner syndrome.

Although some patients have pigment changes involving only 1 segment of the iris (segmental heterochromia or heterochromia iridium),¹ our patient's entire iris was involved (complete heterochromia or heterochromia iridis). Heterochromia iridis is rare, affecting fewer than 200 000 people in the United States.² Although uncommon in humans, it is common in some breeds of cats, dogs and horses.

Eye colour is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin in the iris, with both genetic and physiologic factors affecting determination and maintenance of iris colour. Most human cases of heterochromia are sporadic and benign, and they occur without any detectable underlying abnormality. Congenital heterochromia occurs in a variety of syndromes, including Sturge–Weber syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome and Parry–Romberg syndrome (Table 1). Acquired factors that can lead to heterochromia include ocular trauma, foreign body (ocular siderosis), melanocytic infiltration (diffuse iris nevus or melanoma) and impaired sympathetic tone leading to differential hypo-or hyper-pigmentation of 1 eye. Latanoprost, a glaucoma treatment and a prostaglandin F2 analogue, which was not used by our patient, has also been associated with changing eye colour in up to one-third of people who use the drug for 5 or more years.³

Disruption of the sympathetic stimulation of the melanocytes in the superficial stroma of the iris (especially as a child) can lead to heterochromia. Horner syndrome from the unilateral impairment of sympathetic nerves leads to ptosis, miosis, a lag in pupil dilation, enopthalmos (the impression of a sunken eye) and facial anhidrosis (decreased sweating on 1 side of the face). Acquired heterochromia can occur in adults in rare cases as a result of acquired Horner syndrome. In contrast to patients with acquired Horner syndrome, patients with congenital Horner syndrome, such as our patient, often lack several features of the syndrome.

In adults with acquired heterochromia and miosis, Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis and sympathetic heterochromia must be considered. Unilateral sympathetic nerve lesions such as paravertebral neurilemmoma and neuroblastoma should also be considered. Our patient's clinical presentation was inconsistent with any of these causes. Sympathetic heterochromia was suspected but investigations, including urinary catecholamines and an MIBG (iodine-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine) scan, did not reveal excess catecholamine secretion or a sympathetic tumour.

The patient's blood pressure was managed with appropriate medication, and she was ultimately discharged from our care with a reversal of her confusion. There was no further follow-up with regard to her eye colour.

	Footnotes

 
Teaching cases are brief case reports that convey clear, practical lessons. Preference is given to common presentations of rare conditions and unusual presentations of common problems. Articles start with the case presentation (500 words maximum) followed by a discussion of the underlying condition (1000 words maximum). We allow about 5 references and encourage visual elements (e.g., tables of the differential diagnosis, clinical features or diagnostic approach). Authors must obtain written consent from patients for publication of their story (form available at www.cmaj.ca/authors/checklist.shtml). Submit manuscripts online at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cmaj.

This article has been peer reviewed.

Competing interests: None declared.

	REFERENCES

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1. Gladstone RM. Development and significance of heterochromia of the iris. Ann Neurol 1969;21:184-91.
2. National Institutes of Health, Office of Rare Diseases. Rare diseases and related terms. Available: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/asp/diseases/diseases.asp?this=H#toplist (accessed 2008 Jul 10).
3. Alm A, Schoenfelder J, McDermott J. A 5-year, multicenter, open-label, safety study of adjunctive latanoprost therapy for glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:957-65.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Rehman, H. U. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Rehman, H. U., MBBS Related Collections Palliative Medicine Related Articles

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