CMAJ • July 20, 2004; 171 (2). doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031629.
© 2004 Canadian Medical Association or its licensors
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Evidence-based prescribing of antibiotics for children: role of socioeconomic status and physician characteristics

Anita L. Kozyrskyj, Matthew E. Dahl, Dan G. Chateau, Garey B. Mazowita, Terry P. Klassen and Barbara J. Law

From the Faculty of Pharmacy (Kozyrskyj), the Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine (Kozyrskyj, Dahl, Chateau), the Department of Medical Microbiology (Law) and the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health (Kozyrskyj, Law), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Community and Long Term Care, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (Mazowita), Winnipeg, Man.; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta (Klassen), Edmonton, Alta.; and the Child Health Program, Capital Health Authority (Klassen), Edmonton, Alta.

Background: Evidence-based guidelines for antibiotic use are well established, but nonadherence to these guidelines continues. This study was undertaken to determine child, household and physician factors predictive of nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing in children.

Methods: The prescription and health care records of 20 000 Manitoba children were assessed for 2 criteria of nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing during the period from fiscal year 1996 (April 1996 to March 1997) to fiscal year 2000: receipt of an antibiotic for a viral respiratory tract infection (VRTI) and initial use of a second-line agent for acute otitis media, pharyngitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection or cellulitis. The likelihood of nonadherence to evidence-based prescribing, according to child demographic characteristics, physician factors (specialty and place of training) and household income, was determined from hierarchical linear modelling. Child visits were nested within physicians, and the most parsimonious model was selected at p < 0.05.

Results: During the study period, 45% of physician visits for VRTI resulted in an antibiotic prescription, and 20% of antibiotic prescriptions were for second-line antibiotics. Relative to general practitioners, the odds ratio for antibiotic prescription for a VRTI was 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–0.62) for pediatricians and 1.58 (95% CI 1.03–2.42) for other specialists. The likelihood that an antibiotic would be prescribed for a VRTI was 0.99 for each successive $10 000 increase in household income. Pediatricians and other specialists were more likely than general practitioners to prescribe second-line antibiotics for initial therapy. Both criteria for nonadherence to evidence-based prescribing were 40% less likely among physicians trained in Canada or the United States than among physicians trained elsewhere.

Interpretation: The links that we identified between nonadherence to evidence-based antibiotic prescribing in children and physician specialty and location of training suggest opportunities for intervention. The independent effect of household income indicates that parents also have an important role.


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Decrease in antibiotic use among children in the 1990s: not all antibiotics, not all children
Anita L. Kozyrskyj, Anita G. Carrie, Garey B. Mazowita, Lisa M. Lix, Terry P. Klassen, and Barbara J. Law
Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2004 171: 133-138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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