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Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population-based case–control study

From the Child Health Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta. (Adair, Kowalsky, Quon, Ma, Stoffman, Robertson, Mucenski, Davies); the departments of Paediatrics (Davies), Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Davies) and Community Health Sciences (Adair, Davies), University of Calgary; and the shared Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai and Princess Margaret hospitals, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (McGeer).

Correspondence to: Dr. H. Dele Davies, Professor and Chair, Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, B240 Life Sciences Bldg, East Lansing MI 48824; fax 517 353-8464; daviesde{at}msu.edu

Background: Infection with group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal illness and death. We examined the antenatal and perinatal risk factors for early-onset GBS disease among neonates.

Methods: We identified cases by population-based surveillance in all microbiology laboratories serving Alberta. A case was defined as any instance of a positive sterile-site GBS culture in an infant born between 1993 and 1997 who was either less than 7 days old or stillborn after 20 weeks' gestation. We randomly selected controls from a computer-compiled list of all hospital births, including stillbirths after 20 weeks' gestation, in Alberta during the study period. To increase power, we chose 5 or 6 control infants born in the same year as each case infant. We reviewed hospital, prenatal clinic and physician health records and, between 1997 and 1999, conducted maternal interviews by telephone.

Results: There were no differences between the 90 cases and 489 controls in sociodemographic variables or in many reproductive and behavioural variables. Case infants were more likely than control infants to be of low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] 3.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68–7.65), to have been delivered preterm (OR 3.89, 95% CI 2.08–7.27), or to have a mother with amnionitis (OR 15.03, 95% CI 5.58–41.89), intrapartum fever (OR 4.65, 95% CI 2.48–8.69) or premature rupture of the membranes (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.38–4.14). After adjustment for potential confounders, intrauterine fetal monitoring was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in the risk of neonatal GBS disease (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.22–4.13).

Interpretation: Intrauterine fetal monitoring should be added to the list of risk factors in risk-based screening. Since many of the cases had no identifiable maternal risk factors, universal screening for GBS may be appropriate.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Recent References J Hum Lact, February 1, 2004; 20(1): 106 - 112. [PDF]

				R. Gilbert Prenatal screening for group B streptococcal infection: gaps in the evidence Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2004; 33(1): 2 - 8. [Full Text] [PDF]

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